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Selective Immunoglobulin Deficiency

By

James Fernandez

, MD, PhD, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University

Reviewed/Revised Jan 2023
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Topic Resources

Selective immunoglobulin deficiency is usually inherited. It results in a low level of one type (class) of antibody (immunoglobulin), even though the levels of other immunoglobulins are normal.

The immune system produces several classes of immunoglobulins, such as immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class helps protect the body from infection in a different way (see also Antibodies Antibodies One of the body's lines of defense ( immune system) involves white blood cells (leukocytes) that travel through the bloodstream and into tissues, searching for and attacking microorganisms and... read more Antibodies ). Deficiency of one or more types of immunoglobulin increases the risk of serious infection.

The level of any immunoglobulin class may be low, but the most commonly affected class is IgA.

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Selective IgA Deficiency

Selective IgA deficiency results in a low level of immunoglobulin A (IgA). Levels of IgG and IgM are normal.

  • Most people with selective IgA deficiency have few or no symptoms, but some have chronic lung infections, sinusitis, and other disorders.

  • Doctors diagnose the disorder by measuring levels of immunoglobulins in the blood.

  • Antibiotics are used to treat or sometimes to prevent infections.

Selective IgA deficiency is the most common primary immunodeficiency Primary immunodeficiency Immunodeficiency disorders involve malfunction of the immune system, resulting in infections that develop and recur more frequently, are more severe, and last longer than usual. Immunodeficiency... read more . It may be caused by a mutation in a specific gene or by a drug, such as phenytoin (used to treat seizure disorders) or sulfasalazine (used to treat rheumatoid arthritis). The inheritance pattern of the gene mutation is unknown, but having a family member with selective IgA deficiency increases the risk by about 50 times

Some people with selective IgA deficiency produce antibodies against IgA if they are exposed to IgA in blood transfusions or immune globulin (antibodies obtained from the blood of people with a normal immune system). Rarely, these antibodies against IgA trigger a severe allergic (anaphylactic Anaphylactic Reactions Anaphylactic reactions are sudden, widespread, potentially severe and life-threatening allergic reactions. Anaphylactic reactions often begin with a feeling of uneasiness, followed by tingling... read more ) reaction the next time such people are given a blood transfusion or immune globulin.

Symptoms of Selective IgA deficiency

Most people with selective IgA deficiency have few or no symptoms. Others develop chronic lung infections, sinusitis, allergies, asthma, nasal polyps, chronic diarrhea, or, rarely, autoimmune disorders Autoimmune Disorders An autoimmune disorder is a malfunction of the body's immune system that causes the body to attack its own tissues. What triggers an autoimmune disorder is not known. Symptoms vary depending... read more , such as systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus) or inflammatory bowel disease (which usually causes gastrointestinal symptoms that often recur or that may be serious). A few people develop common variable immunodeficiency Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) Common variable immunodeficiency is an immunodeficiency disorder characterized by very low antibody (immunoglobulin) levels despite a normal number of B cells (the type of white blood cell that... read more over time.

Some people improve spontaneously. Life span is usually unaffected. If an autoimmune disorder or another immune disorder (such as common variable immunodeficiency) develops, life span may be shortened.

Diagnosis of Selective IgA deficiency

  • Blood tests to measure immunoglobulin levels before and after vaccinations

Doctors suspect selective IgA deficiency in people if they have

  • Recurring infections

  • An anaphylactic reaction to a blood transfusion or to immune globulin

  • Gastrointestinal symptoms that may result from inflammatory bowel disease

  • Family members who have selective IgA deficiency, common variable immunodeficiency, or an autoimmune disorder

Blood tests to measure immunoglobulin levels are done to confirm the diagnosis.

Normally, the body’s immune system responds to a vaccine by producing substances (such as antibodies Antibodies One of the body's lines of defense ( immune system) involves white blood cells (leukocytes) that travel through the bloodstream and into tissues, searching for and attacking microorganisms and... read more Antibodies ) and mobilizing white blood cells that recognize and/or attack the specific bacteria or virus represented in the vaccine. Then whenever people who have been vaccinated are exposed to the specific bacteria or virus, the immune system automatically produces these antibodies and takes other action to prevent or lessen illness. People with selective IgA deficiency do not produce antibodies in response to certain kinds of vaccines. Doctors measure IgA antibody (immunoglobulin) levels before and after vaccinations. Lack of increase in IgA after vaccination helps to make the diagnosis.

Treatment of Selective IgA deficiency

  • Antibiotics to treat or sometimes to prevent infections

  • Use of a medical identification bracelet or tag by people who have had an anaphylactic reaction to a blood transfusion or immune globulin

Usually, no treatment of selective IgA deficiency is needed.

Antibiotics are given to people who have an infection. If the disorder is severe, antibiotics are given in advance to prevent infections from developing.

People who have had an anaphylactic Anaphylactic Reactions Anaphylactic reactions are sudden, widespread, potentially severe and life-threatening allergic reactions. Anaphylactic reactions often begin with a feeling of uneasiness, followed by tingling... read more reaction to a blood transfusion or immune globulin should wear a medical identification bracelet or tag to alert doctors to take precautions against such reactions.

Selective IgA deficiency that results from taking a drug usually resolves if the drug is stopped.

More Information

The following English-language resource may be useful. Please note that THE MANUAL is not responsible for the content of this resource.

NOTE: This is the Consumer Version. DOCTORS: VIEW PROFESSIONAL VERSION
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